Hallmarks of Aging Type Age-associated manifestation Acceleration of aging Opportunity for intervention
Genomic instability Primary
Telomere attrition Primary
Epigenetic alterations Primary
Loss of proteostasis Primary
Disabled macroautophagy* Primary
Deregulated nutrient-sensing Antagonistic
Mitochondrial dysfunction Antagonistic
Cellular senescence Antagonistic
Stem cell exhaustion Integrative
Altered intercellular communication Integrative
Chronic inflammation* Integrative
Dysbiosis* Integrative
  1. Primary Hallmarks: intrinsically negative
  2. Antagonistic Hallmarks: initially protective but become harmful with age
  3. Integrative Hallmarks: Affects tissue function

More in-depth guide coming soon!

Recommended reading on aging hallmarks:

  1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867422013770 - the seminal paper from 2023
  2. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00531 - Landscape View
  3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39643212/ - for comparative biologists